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    A bill has been introduced in the Kansas legislature this week that would prohibit the promotion of sustainability. Here is a link to the one-page bill: http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2013_14/measures/documents/hb2366_00_0000.pdf. See report on Bloomberg News.
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    Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth’s center to be 6000 degrees Celsius, 1000 degrees hotter than in a previous experiment run 20 years ago. These measurements confirm geophysical models that the temperature difference between the solid core and the mantle above, must be at least 1500 degrees to explain why the Earth has a magnetic field. For more information about this study, see the press release from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
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    Ocean Volcanic Rocks Contain Samples of Recycled Crust

    Scientists have long believed that lava erupted from certain oceanic volcanoes contains materials from the early Earth’s crust. But decisive evidence for this phenomenon has proven elusive. New research from a team including Carnegie’s Erik Hauri demonstrates that oceanic volcanic rocks contain samples of recycled crust dating back to the Archean era 2.5 billion years ago. Their work is published in Nature. Oceanic crust sinks into the Earth’s mantle at so-called subduction zones, where two plates come together. Much of what happens to the crust during this journey is unknown. Model-dependent studies for how long subducted material can exist in the mantle are uncertain and evidence of very old crust returning to Earth’s surface via upwellings of magma has not been found until now. For more information about these results, see the press release from the Carnegie Institution.
This is a photograph of the main tomb of Clava. You can also see the circle of stones surrounding the tomb.
Click on image for full size
Photo courtesy Diego Meozzi/Stone Pages

The Cairns of Clava

Not too far from Loch Ness, where the green highlands of Scotland rise and fall there lies three giant cairns of stones. They are called the Balnuaran of Clava.

The Balnuaran of Clava, giant tombs encased in stone, can be found close to Inverness in Scotland. Their structure is similar to the Newgrange tomb of Ireland in that stones encase a burial chamber. Human bones were found in two of the cairns. The third had flint flakes inside it. It seems that these weren't a common burial ground for all, but a burial ground for elite male and female members of this Neolithic community.

As with other megalithic sites, this site does have astronomical alignment. Two of the three cairn entrance passages align exactly with the Sun's setting position on the winter solstice. And so this site might have been used at some point for sky observing and astronomical purposes.

As seen from the photograph, each of these giant tombs is encircled by a set of standing stones. While the cairns were built during the Neolithic period, it is thought that the standing stones were added later during the Bronze Age.

Last modified September 18, 2000 by Jennifer Bergman.

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