Current Events

  • Kansas Legislator Proposes Bill to Outlaw Sustainability Education
    A bill has been introduced in the Kansas legislature this week that would prohibit the promotion of ...Read more

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    Kansas Legislator Proposes Bill to Outlaw Sustainability Education

    A bill has been introduced in the Kansas legislature this week that would prohibit the promotion of sustainability. Here is a link to the one-page bill: http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2013_14/measures/documents/hb2366_00_0000.pdf. See report on Bloomberg News.
  • Earth's Center Is 1,000 Degrees Hotter Than Previously Thought, Synchrotron X-Ray Experiment Shows
    Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth’s center to be 6000 degrees Celsius, 1000 ...Read more

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    Earth's Center Is 1,000 Degrees Hotter Than Previously Thought, Synchrotron X-Ray Experiment Shows

    Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth’s center to be 6000 degrees Celsius, 1000 degrees hotter than in a previous experiment run 20 years ago. These measurements confirm geophysical models that the temperature difference between the solid core and the mantle above, must be at least 1500 degrees to explain why the Earth has a magnetic field. For more information about this study, see the press release from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
  • Ocean Volcanic Rocks Contain Samples of Recycled Crust
    Scientists have long believed that lava erupted from certain oceanic volcanoes contains materials fr...Read more

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    Ocean Volcanic Rocks Contain Samples of Recycled Crust

    Scientists have long believed that lava erupted from certain oceanic volcanoes contains materials from the early Earth’s crust. But decisive evidence for this phenomenon has proven elusive. New research from a team including Carnegie’s Erik Hauri demonstrates that oceanic volcanic rocks contain samples of recycled crust dating back to the Archean era 2.5 billion years ago. Their work is published in Nature. Oceanic crust sinks into the Earth’s mantle at so-called subduction zones, where two plates come together. Much of what happens to the crust during this journey is unknown. Model-dependent studies for how long subducted material can exist in the mantle are uncertain and evidence of very old crust returning to Earth’s surface via upwellings of magma has not been found until now. For more information about these results, see the press release from the Carnegie Institution.
Two Windows to the Universe employees showing the product of the Frozen Film activity that is listed on the site.
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Thank you for visiting Windows to the Universe. Windows to the Universe has been in development since 1995. Over the years, there have been many writers of the pages on the site. Most pages have been worked on by more than one person. Here is a listing of just some of the university faculty, pre-college teachers, university students, scientists, artists, library and museum specialists, and programmers who have contributed to our site over the years.

If you need to cite a page on our internet site in your bibliography for a project, please cite the page source as such:

Windows to the Universe team. Title of Specific Page Used. Boulder, CO: © 2010 National Earth Science Teachers Association, Date of last modification for that page. Online. Available: http://www.windows2universe.org. Date you accessed the page.

This citation follows the basic guidelines of citing electronic resources according to the MLA Handbook. It also includes information on how to cite electronic resources according to the APA Handbook.

As an example, the correct MLA citation for our Biomes and Ecosystems page is:

Windows to the Universe team. Biomes and Ecosystems. Boulder, CO: © National Earth Science Teachers Association, October 3, 2008. Online. Available: http://www.windows2universe.org. .

The correct APA citation for the same page is:

Windows to the Universe team (2008). Biomes and Ecosystems. Retrieved , from http://www.windows2universe.org

If you have any questions concerning citing our internet site, please feel free to contact us through our comments form.

Last modified March 31, 2009 by Becca Hatheway.

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The Winter 2010 issue of The Earth Scientist includes a variety of educational resources, ranging from astronomy to glaciers. Check out the other publications and classroom materials in our online store.

Windows to the Universe, a project of the National Earth Science Teachers Association, is sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation and NASA, our Founding Partners (the American Geophysical Union and American Geosciences Institute) as well as through Institutional, Contributing, and Affiliate Partners, individual memberships and generous donors. Thank you for your support! NASA AGU AGI NSF