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  • Irish Chronicles Document Links Between Volcanoes and Weather
    A study of over 40,000 written entries in Irish Annals and ice core measurements shows a strong corr...Read more

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    Irish Chronicles Document Links Between Volcanoes and Weather

    A study of over 40,000 written entries in Irish Annals and ice core measurements shows a strong correlation between the occurrence of volcanic eruptions and extreme cold weather in Ireland over a 1200 year period. Data analyzed in this study cover the period from 431 to 1649, during which time up to 48 volcanic eruptions are identified in Greenland ice core records through deposition of volcanic sulfate in annual layers of ice. You can find the study (open access), published on 6 June 2013 in IOP Publishing's journal Environmental Research Letters, at http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/2/024035/article. Find out more about how volcanoes can influence climate.
  • EF-5 Tornado in El Reno, Oklahoma Widest Ever Recorded in US
    The EF-5 tornado that hit El Reno, Oklahoma on May 31st was the widest ever recorded in the US, acco...Read more

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    EF-5 Tornado in El Reno, Oklahoma Widest Ever Recorded in US

    The EF-5 tornado that hit El Reno, Oklahoma on May 31st was the widest ever recorded in the US, according to the National Weather Service in Norman Oklahoma. The tornado, which remained on the ground for 40 minutes and reached 2.6 miles across (4.2 km), took the lives of 18 people including storm chasers Tim Samaras, Paul Samaras and Carl Young. For more information on the tornado, visit http://ow.ly/i/2hfDG.
  • Atmospheric CO2 Level Tops 400 ppm
    During the week of May 13th, the CO2 level at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii topped 400 ppm rep...Read more

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    Atmospheric CO2 Level Tops 400 ppm

    During the week of May 13th, the CO2 level at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii topped 400 ppm repeatedly. Daily levels of CO2 can vary due to weather, and there are seasonal trends as well. The level of atmospheric greenhouse gases continues to increase, now over 120 ppm since the Industrial Revolution began. For more on the Keeling Curve, see http://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/. Find out more about greenhouse gases and warming.
Seasons Greetings from the cosmos to Earth...brought to you by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Click on image for full size
Courtesy of NASA, ESA & Mohammad Heydari-Malayeri (Observatoire de Paris, France)

For the Holidays...
News story originally written on December 20, 2001

This image of the NGC 2080 nebula was taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. Because it is red and white and green, it looks like something that could be on front of a holiday card! The name of the nebula isn't quite so appropriate for the holiday season as it is nicknamed the "Ghost Head Nebula". Still, these holiday colors, produced by the light emitted by oxygen and hydrogen, help astronomers investigate the star-forming processes in nebulas such as NGC 2080.

Other holiday happenings include Houston, mission control, being transformed to "Santa Control" this Christmas Eve. NASA experts will help monitor Santa's speed and reindeer performance, helping Santa meet the extreme demands placed on him during this 24-hour period. "With three people living on the space station, we have a unique vantage point to help Santa on his rounds," said Matt Abbott, flight director. "We have Yury Onufrienko, Dan Bursch and Carl Walz on board the station ready to help us out with real-time Santa sightings, and our flight control team is ready for this opportunity." "Santa Control, Houston" will be shown on NASA Television during the NASA Video File December 24, which will air at noon, 3 p.m., 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. EST.

All of us at Windows to the Universe would like to wish you a safe and peaceful holiday season.

Last modified December 20, 2001 by Jennifer Bergman.

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