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    A study of over 40,000 written entries in Irish Annals and ice core measurements shows a strong correlation between the occurrence of volcanic eruptions and extreme cold weather in Ireland over a 1200 year period. Data analyzed in this study cover the period from 431 to 1649, during which time up to 48 volcanic eruptions are identified in Greenland ice core records through deposition of volcanic sulfate in annual layers of ice. You can find the study (open access), published on 6 June 2013 in IOP Publishing's journal Environmental Research Letters, at http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/2/024035/article. Find out more about how volcanoes can influence climate.
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    During the week of May 13th, the CO2 level at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii topped 400 ppm rep...Read more

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    Atmospheric CO2 Level Tops 400 ppm

    During the week of May 13th, the CO2 level at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii topped 400 ppm repeatedly. Daily levels of CO2 can vary due to weather, and there are seasonal trends as well. The level of atmospheric greenhouse gases continues to increase, now over 120 ppm since the Industrial Revolution began. For more on the Keeling Curve, see http://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/. Find out more about greenhouse gases and warming.
This Punnet square shows to possible combinations of genes in the children of parents that both have the genotype "Ee".
Click on image for full size
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Answers to the Genetic Puzzle!

  1. Mary must have two recessive genes to have attached earlobes, so her genotype is “ee”.
  2. If Mary inherited a recessive gene from each parents, then both of her parents must have the recessive gene “e” in their genotypes. However, if both of them have free hanging lobes, then they must also have the dominant gene “E”. So, both parents must have the genotype “Ee”
  3. If Fred also has free hanging lobes, the dominant trait, then at least one of his genes must be dominant (“E”). Did you figure out the possibilities for the other gene based on the parents’ genotypes? The picture at the left shows what the Punnet Square looks like.

With two parents that have the genotype Ee, there are three possible outcomes for the genotypes of the children.

  • One out of four (or 25%) will likely have the genotype “ee” (attached earlobes)
  • Two out of four (or 50%) will likely have the genotype “Ee” (free hanging lobes)
  • One out of four (25% will likely have the genotype “EE” (also free hanging lobes)

So, Fred could have a genotype of “Ee” or “EE”!

Last modified April 13, 2004 by Lisa Gardiner.

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